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Mars and its moons have been a target for many spacecraft, with flyby, orbiter, lander and rover missions visiting the planet.〔(Chronology of Mars Exploration ). NASA. Retrieved on 2011-12-01.〕〔(Russian Space Web - Mars Missions )〕 In addition, two spacecraft, Rosetta and Dawn, have made flybys to get gravity assists for other missions; the former having visited comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, and the latter en route to asteroid 4 Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. Three missions were dedicated to Phobos, but they did not achieve their goals. ==Missions== } | Entered orbit 27 November 1971, operated for 362 orbits. Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Missions to Mars )〕 | Proton-K/D |- | Mars 2 lander (SA 4M No.171) | | Soviet Union | Lander | }} | Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971 | Proton-K/D |- | Mars 3 (4M No.172) | | Soviet Union | Orbiter | }} | Entered orbit 2 December 1971, operated for 20 orbits. Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface | Proton-K/D |- | Mars 3 lander (SA 4M No.172) | | Soviet Union | Lander | | Deployed from Mars 3; landed at 13:52 UTC on 2 December 1971 but contact lost 14.5 seconds later | Proton-K/D |- | Prop-M Rover rover (SA 4M No.172) | | Soviet Union | Rover | | Failed to deploy | Proton-K/D |- | Mars 4 (3MS No.52S) | | Soviet Union | Orbiter | | Failed to perform orbital insertion burn | Proton-K/D |- | Mars 5 (3MS No.53S) | | Soviet Union | Orbiter | | Failed after nine days in Mars orbit | Proton-K/D |- | Mars 6 (3MP No.50P) | | Soviet Union | Lander Flyby | | Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unreadable. Flyby bus collected data.〔(NSSDC - Mars 6 )〕 | Proton-K/D |- | Mars 7 (3MP No.51P) | | Soviet Union | Lander Flyby | | Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere | Proton-K/D |- | Viking 1 orbiter | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | Operated for 1385 orbits | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |- | Viking 1 lander | | NASA United States | Lander | | Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter, operated for 2245 sols | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |- | Viking 2 orbiter | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | Operated for 700 orbits | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |- | Viking 2 lander | | NASA United States | Lander | | Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter, operated for 1281 sols | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |- | Fobos 1 (1F No.101) | | Soviet Union | Orbiter | | Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit | Proton-K/D-2 |- | Fobos 2 (1F No.102) | | Soviet Union | Orbiter Phobos lander | | Orbital observations successful, communications lost before landing | Proton-K/D-2 |- | Mars Observer | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | Lost communications before orbital insertion | Commercial Titan III |- | | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | Operated for seven years | Delta II 7925 |- | Mars 96 (M1 No.520) | | Rosaviakosmos Russia | Orbiter Penetrators | | Never left LEO | Proton-K/D-2 |- | Mars Pathfinder | | NASA United States | Lander | | Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mars Pathfinder Science Results )〕 | Delta II 7925 |- | Sojourner | | NASA United States | Rover | | Operated for 84 days〔(Mars Pathfinder - Welcome to Mars - Sol 86 )〕 | Delta II 7925 |- | Nozomi (PLANET-B) | | ISAS Japan | Orbiter | | Ran out of fuel before reaching Mars | M-V |- | Mars Climate Orbiter | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to unit conversion error and burned up in the atmosphere | Delta II 7425 |- | Mars Polar Lander | | NASA United States | Lander | | Failed to land | Delta II 7425 |- | Deep Space 2 | | NASA United States | Penetrators | | Deployed from MPL, no data returned | Delta II 7425 |- | Mars Odyssey | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | | Delta II 7925 |- | Mars Express | | ESA Europe | Orbiter | | | Soyuz-FG/Fregat |- | Beagle 2 | | ESA Europe | Lander | | Deployed from Mars Express. Successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications. | Soyuz-FG/Fregat |- | Spirit (MER-A) | | NASA United States | Rover | | operated for 2208 sols | Delta II 7925 |- | Opportunity (MER-B) | | NASA United States | Rover | | | Delta II 7925H |- style="background-color:#cccccc" | Rosetta | | ESA Europe | Gravity assist | | Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko | Ariane 5G+ |- | MRO | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | | Atlas V 401 |- | Phoenix | | NASA United States | Lander | | | Delta II 7925 |- style="background-color:#cccccc" | Dawn | | NASA United States | Gravity assist | | Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres | Delta II 7925H |- | Fobos-Grunt | | Roskosmos Russia | Orbiter | | Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power) | Zenit-2M |- | Yinghuo-1 | | CNSA PR China | Orbiter | | To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt | Zenit-2M |- | Curiosity (Mars Science Laboratory) | | NASA United States | Rover | | | Atlas V 541 |- | Mars Orbiter Mission (''Mangalyaan'') | | ISRO India | Orbiter | | Entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended by six months.〔 〕 | PSLV-XL |- | MAVEN | | NASA United States | Orbiter | | Orbit insertion on September 22, 2014 | Atlas V 401 |} 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of missions to Mars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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